I presented visual surveys for bumble bees at each and every of the eight internet during the exact same three census attacks even as we measured floral capital assortment (28 May so you’re able to 7 June, 22-29 June, 22-31 July). Per of your own three bumble bee studies, we decided to go to for every single webpages 3 times, immediately after during the all of three-time episodes (0800-1100, 1100-1300, 1300-1700 era). Every testing was accomplished into the warm months which have temperature ranging from 19 and you may 32°C.
We stuck and you may marked each bumble bee that have a small mark of colored modification water towards thorax to eliminate relying some body more often than once while in the a sampling period from the a web site. I registered bumble-bee types, status, and the plant species about what the brand new bumble-bee is actually discovered foraging and you may released the newest bee. I invested 30 minute for every head to in the a few internet that have an area of ?dos,000 yards dos , forty-five minute in the a couple of ten,000-m dos internet, 90 minute in the a few 30,000-m dos websites, and you can 120 minute at two 70,000-m 2 internet sites. I checked to own a sampling go out bias having fun with rarefaction (get a hold of Statistical Study)parisons regarding wealth out-of bees stuck per hour to resource values or habitat versions got rid of prospective testing time biases.
I identified bumble bees around using Mitchell (1962) given that an initial expert; having descriptions regarding regional variety, i made use of Medler and you will Carney (1963). Hendrix on College out of Iowa. The new bush variety was later classified while the indigenous otherwise delivered in order to become familiar with whether or not the bumble bees, which are indigenous, demonstrated choices having local flowering varieties.
Analytical Analyses.
We used the log2 Shannon-Wiener index to calculate bumble bee species diversity using cumulative abundances across all censuses. We also used cumulative abundances of ramets of plant species visited by bumble bees to obtain seasonal totals of available floral resources for each site. Plants included on the list were those from which we captured bumble bees in this and related studies (C. Gienapp, unpublished data). Only rarely did a plant species appear in more than one census, and therefore it is unlikely that the same ramets were counted twice in seasonal abundance measures. We examined plant diversity using the Simpson index rather than the Shannon-Wiener index because the former is less sensitive to rare plant species. These rare species are unlikely to have a strong effect on bumble bee diversity and abundance.
I understood potential predictors from bumble-bee range and you may variety each hour playing with original effortless regression analyses researching all of them up against the percentage and LRI of any private and you may joint landscape varying ( Table dos) at the one another five hundred- and you will 700-meters radii and you will website parameters (variety, assortment, and you will occurrence away from bumble-bee-went to blooming ramets). Landscaping predictors showing importance, and that selected for further analyses was in fact LRI of your own landscaping within five hundred and you will 700 m (that have and with no site) while the part of mutual grasslands regarding the landscaping ( Dining table 2). We made a decision to explore LRI opinions which have and you may without the webpages provided to examine new relative efforts out of flowery resources of the surroundings and you can website in itself to range and you may abundance and additionally the outcome of your own landscape and you will webpages mutual. Tall site predictors had been Simpson range, wealth, and density off blooming ramets from plant species visited by the bumble bees.
Discount specimens out of bumble bees come into the fresh new line of Stephen D
We used Pearson equipment-time relationship analyses to examine to have collinearity between possible predictors regarding bumble-bee range and you will wealth hourly prior to several regression data. Diversity, wealth, and density of blooming ramets on website were not coordinated for the LRI of land (having and without any webpages integrated) at the five hundred- or 700-m radii (all of the r 0.16). However, there clearly was poor collinearity involving the web site qualities regarding occurrence and you will abundance regarding flowering ramets from kinds utilized by bumble bees (r = 0.668, P = 0.07), and only one of them a few local tips of resources was included in any given regression model. Throughout patterns, i only use predicators showing no collinearity (P > 0.10) vruće Mađarska samce Mađarska u mom području.
